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Master Class: System Design for Software Engineers
The master class teaches software engineers how to design scalable, reliable distributed systems, covering architecture, scaling, trade‑offs, and interview techniques.
- Horizontal scaling introduces state, partition, and consistency challenges.
- CAP vs PACELC guide consistency, availability, and latency choices.
- Redundancy, load balancers, caches, and async messaging avoid SPOFs.
- SQL provides ACID with vertical scaling; NoSQL offers BASE and horizontal scaling.
- Interview steps: clarify requirements, sketch design, deep‑dive components, add resiliency, optimize P99 latency.
Process in Operating Systems and the Contrast Between Interprocess Communication Models
A process is the active execution of a program with its own state, resources, and PCB, and operating systems use it for scheduling, protection, and cooperation via interprocess communication (IPC); the two primary IPC models—shared memory and message passing—differ in data movement, synchronization, kernel involvement, and suitability for local versus distributed use.
- PCB stores a process’s state, registers, scheduling info, and resource data, enabling context switches.
- Standard process lifecycle: new → ready → running → waiting/blocked → terminated.
- IPC is required for cooperating processes because each has an isolated address space.
- Shared memory offers high performance for large local data but demands explicit synchronization.
- Message passing provides easier, safer communication and works well across machines, at the cost of higher kernel overhead.